We all have heard about Otto cycle. In this tutorial we will learn What is Otto Cycle and working of Otto Cycle engine. We will learn about air standard analysis of this Cycle and derive the expression of it's Efficiency. We know that Otto cycle
is air standard cycle of petrol engine. All
petrol engine work on this cycle. To analysis the petrol engine we used a air
standard cycle known as Otto cycle.
What is Otto Cycle?
We know that actual analysis is complicated so we use some assumption to analysis the petrol engine. The main assumption is that the working fluid is ideal air and heat is transfer by heat reservoir so this cycle known as air standard cycle. This cycle was given by Nicolas Otto so also known as Otto cycle.
Otto cycle consist four processes, in which two are constant
volume (isochoric) and remaining two are isentropic processes. In this cycle heat
addition is done at constant volume process so this cycle is also known as constant
volume cycle.
Working of Otto Cycle Engine:
We know working of petrol engine. In the petrol engine, air
fuel mixture enters into the cylinder in intake stroke but to analysis this engine
we assume only air enters into the system. We assume a piston cylinder device
in which air is enter into the system. This device is insulated from surrounding.
The head of the device is replaceable by heat reservoir. In the initial
condition piston is at Top Dead Center. The insulated head of the device is
replaced by high temperature heat reservoir. The heat is added to the system by
heat reservoir at constant volume. The temperature and pressure increase of the
system due to heat addition but the piston does not move. The whole process of
heat addition done at constant volume. After this process the heat reservoir is
replaced by insulated head. Now the system is insulated by surrounding. Due to
high pressure and temperature, piston expands from TDC to BDC. The pressure and
temperature of the system decrease and the volume increases. In this no heat is
added or removed from the system. So this is done isentropically. Now the
insulated head of the system is replaced by lower temperature heat reservoir. Due
to this heat is removed from the system at constant volume. The pressure and temperature
of system decreases due to heat rejection but the piston does not change its
position. So this process done at constant volume.
Now the replaceable heat is replaced by insulated head. At
this time no heat is added or removed from the system. But due to low pressure
inside the cylinder the piston compressed and moved toward TDC. The volume of
the system decrease and the pressure and temperature increases. This process
done isentropically. The piston and the charge reaches its initial condition.
So it completes a cyclic process.
Air Standard Analysis of Otto cycle:
Otto cycle is air standard cycle of petrol engine. We have
learnt about the working of Otto cycle. Now we will learnt about air standard
analysis of it. Otto cycle consist four processes. These are:
1. Constant volume heat addition:
The heat is added in Otto cycle at constant volume. The piston
does not move during heat addition. It raises the pressure and temperature of system. This process is shown by 2-3 line in PV diagram. The amount of heat addition is given by the constant volume analysis is
Q = mCv(T3 - T2)
2. Isentropic Expansion:
After the heat addition the piston moves downward or expand
which increase the volume of system. No heat addition or rejection during this process. So this
process done isentropically. This process is shown by 3-4 line in PV diagram.
The work done during this process is given by:
W = (P3V3 - P4V4) / (Y - 1)
3. Constant volume heat rejection:
After the piston reaches BDC the cylinder head is replaced
by the low temperature heat reservoir. So heat is rejected by the system. The
piston does not move during this process so this process done at constant volume.
The amount of heat rejected by the system is given by:
Q = mCv(T4 - T1)
4. Isentropic compression:
After the heat reaction the piston moves toward TDC and
compress the charge. No heat is rejected by the system during this process. So
this process done isentropically.
The work done by the system is given by:
W = (P2V2 - P1V1) / (Y - 1)
Today we have discussed about what is Otto cycle and and working of otto cycle engine. We have also learnt about how to calculate Otto cycle efficiency. If you have any query regarding this article, ask by commenting.
We know from the previous equation:
Heat Supplied During the Cycle : Q = mCv(T3 - T2)
Heat Rejected During the Cycle : Q = mCv(T4 - T1)
Work Done = Heat Supplied -- Heat Rejected
= mCv(T3 - T2) - mCv(T4 - T1)
Effitiency of the Otto Cycle = Work Done / Heat Supplied
= [mCv(T3 - T2) - mCv(T4 - T1)] / mCv(T3 - T2)
= 1 - (T4 - T1) / (T3 - T2)
Now from an adiabatic process
Today we have discussed about what is Otto cycle and and working of otto cycle engine. We have also learnt about how to calculate Otto cycle efficiency. If you have any query regarding this article, ask by commenting.